Author James Patterson Biography

James Patterson (born March 22, 1947), perhaps best known as the writer of the Alex Cross detective series, ranks among the most prolific of contemporary American authors. He even holds the Guinness World Record for the number of New York Times number one best-selling novels sold and he was the first author to sell more than one million ebooks. Fast Facts: James Patterson Known For: Prolific and best-selling author with many works adapted to popular filmsBorn: March 22, 1947 in Newburgh, Newburgh, NY, U.S.Parents: Isabelle and Charles PattersonEducation: Manhattan College, Vanderbilt UniversityPublished Works: Alex Cross series, Womens Murder Club series, Maximum Ride series, Michael Bennett series, Middle School series, I Funny seriesAwards and Honors:  Edgar Award, BCA Mystery Guilds Thriller of the Year, International Thriller of the Year award, and Childrens Choice Book Award for Author of the YearSpouse: Susan PattersonChildren: Jack PattersonNotable Quote: Theres no such thing as a kid who hates reading. There are kids who love reading, and kids who are reading the wrong books. Early Life Before Patterson headed off to college, his family moved to the Boston area, where he took a part-time night job at a mental hospital. The solitude of that job allowed him to develop an appetite for reading literature; he spent most of his salary on books. He lists â€Å"One Hundred Years of Solitude† by Gabriel Garcia Marquez as a favorite. Patterson went on to graduate from Manhattan College and holds a masters’ degree in English literature from Vanderbilt University.   In 1971, he went to work for the advertising agency J. Walter Thompson, where he eventually became CEO. It was there that Patterson came up with the iconic phrase â€Å"Toys R Us Kid.† This advertising background is apparent in the marketing of his books, as Patterson supervises the design of book covers down to the last detail and was one of the first authors to orchestrate advertising his books on television. His techniques have even inspired a case study at Harvard Business School; â€Å"Marketing James Patterson† examines the effectiveness of the writer’s strategies. Published Works and Style Despite his widespread popularity—he’s sold some 300 million books—Patterson’s methods are not without controversy. He uses a group of co-authors, which allows him to publish his works at such an impressive rate. His critics, who include contemporary authors such as Stephen King, question whether Patterson  is too focused on quantity at the expense of quality. James Pattersons first novel, The Thomas Berryman Number, was published in 1976, after being turned down by more than 30 publishers. Patterson told The New York Times that his first book compares favorably to his current works in one way: â€Å"The sentences are superior to a lot of the stuff I write now, but the story isn’t as good.† Despite its slow start, The Thomas Berryman Number won an Edgar Award for crime fiction that year. Patterson makes no secret of his current use of co-authors, a group that includes Andrew Gross, Maxine Paetro, and Peter De Jong. He likens the approach to the collaborative efforts of Gilbert and Sullivan or Rodgers and Hammerstein: Patterson says he writes an outline, which he sends to the co-author for refining, and the two collaborate throughout the writing process. He’s said that his strength lies in concocting plots, not in parsing individual sentences, which suggests he has refined (and perhaps improved) his writing technique since his first novel.   Despite the criticism that his style is mechanical, Patterson has hit on a commercially successful formula. He’s written 20 novels featuring detective Alex Cross, including Kiss the Girls and Along Came a Spider, 14 books in The Women’s Murder Club series, and the Witch and Wizard and Daniel X series. Hollywood Blockbusters and Childhood Literacy Given their broad commercial appeal, its no surprise that several of Pattersons novels have been made into movies. Academy Award-winner Morgan Freeman has played Alex Cross in adaptations of  Along Came a Spider (2001) and  Kiss the Girls  (1997), which also starred Ashley Judd.​ In 2011, Patterson wrote an op-ed for CNN urging parents to become more involved in getting their kids to read. He discovered his son Jack wasnt an avid reader. When Jack turned 8, Patterson and his wife Susie made a deal with him. He could be excused from chores over summer vacation if he would read every day. Patterson later launched the child literacy initiative Read Kiddo Read, which offers advice for age-appropriate books for kids of various ages.

Why Consumer Behaviour is Useful From The Perspective Of The Marketer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2990 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Why consumer behaviour and an understanding of such processes is useful from the perspective of the marketer Introduction Marketers in todays business environment are presented with the particular challenge of circumventing conflicted messaging, over-saturation of marketing initiatives, and consumer hesitation and guarded behaviour in order to achieve their objectives of enhancing long term brand loyalty and encouraging product purchases. While there are various environmental stimuli which may influence consumer behaviour, the most significant affectation comes from psychological influences associated with marketing communication and personal interpretation of brand and product value. By expanding this value beyond base level interpretation, marketers are able to influence consumer behaviour and redirect purchases over extended periods of time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Consumer Behaviour is Useful From The Perspective Of The Marketer" essay for you Create order In order to achieve such standards, however, it is essential that marketers understand what behaviour may be influenced and in what ways this influence may be affected. Undeniably, the product itself has particular importance in this process; however, the result of a product-based marketing campaign may not demonstrate the value desired by a diverse consumer population. Therefore, the achievement of key consumer development and loyalty objectives is based on investigation and analysis of past, present, and future consumer behaviour. This investigation seeks to expand upon the relationship between consumer behaviour and marketing, highlighting those mechanisms that can contribute to more effective marketing practices. A variety of academic theories and empirical studies have been compiled and analysed over the following section and models of consumer behaviour analysis and marketing programme development will be highlighted. Ultimately, conclusions will be drawn in which effective marketing is directly affected by consumer behaviour, and more effective means of communication and consumer encouragement are the direct result of cognitive stimuli. From both scientific and market perspectives, the ability to influence consumer behaviour is directly reliant upon an understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation which the majority of consumers within a given market or business sector exhibit. By modelling such motivations and establishing value associated with a particular brand or product, marketers will be able to sustain consumer loyalty over the lifecycle of a product and compete more effectively within marketplaces that are highly saturated. Consumer Behaviour A milestone definition of marketing by Peter Drucker (1999) would firmly establish the relative value and importance of consumer behaviour in effective marketing, arguing that marketing is ‘the whole business seen from the point of view of its final product, that is, from the customers point of view (58). Marketing, therefore, becomes a composite of both pre-purchase consumer behaviour interpretation and forecasting and post-purchase behavioural analysis. In this way, a rapid increase in consumption over a short period of time may be viewed as an opportunity to develop a broader, loyal consumer base and marketing tactics must change to accommodate such an opportunity. While early marketing efforts were based on communicating new and diverse products with a growing class of discerning consumers, Raaij et al. (2001:60) argue that marketing communication has since been repurposed in order to establish brand loyalty and reinforce consumer perceptions of value. In effect, marketer s attempt to influence consumer behaviour through their presentation of a strategic, targeted marketing message, establishing the unique value of a given product or brand that will ensure future purchasing loyalty. In his empirical analysis of consumer behaviour and its affectation by marketing initiatives, Foxall (1992:397-98) argues that marketing interventions provide reinforcement of the anticipated result or features of a given product while simultaneously modifying the scope of consumer settings (i.e. purchase intent, brand loyalty, etc.). Such reinforcement is affected through a variety of channels including product features, strategic delays in provision, and modulation of information exchange and messaging (Foxall, 1992:398). Ultimately, the marketer assumes responsibility for a psychological connection between a particular brand or product and the consumer, strategically directing communications in order to improve a cognitive connection that can potentially influence c onsumer behaviour. Foxall (1992:398) addresses key concerns surrounding the effectiveness of such communication, but indicates that consumer behaviour has a direct impact on marketing strategies, the result of a measurable need for reinforcement and connection. As the internet age continues to challenge marketers to consider more diverse relationship formats in the online environment, behavioural analysis has quickly become an effective means of programme development and modulation. From trust to satisfaction to site navigability, Taylor and Strutton (2010:954) have compiled widespread academic evidence that investigates various behavioural features that are frequently evaluated by marketers seeking to enhance their online presence and consumer loyalty. Consumer satisfaction, for example, was found to have a direct impact on trust and brand loyalty in addition to the perceived value of a given product, potentially influencing future purchasing decisions or commitments (Taylor and Strutton, 2010:954). While such concerns are more traditional in nature, their applicability within an online purchasing environment is undeniable, and without marketer intervention and a strategic reinforcement of value, there is a potential that future purchases will be impacted. Yet such interventions require a concise and accurate understanding of consumer behaviour in order to effectively provide value-oriented reinforcement and messaging that is directly related to consumer value systems. Aside from the electronic nature of online consumption, the diversification of communication channels and its impact on consumer behaviour in the past decade has had direct and remarkable influences purchasing decisions, brand loyalty, and consumer commitment. Anton et al. (2007:515) argue that as consumer access to information, feedback, and peer reviews has increased, consumers have increasingly become intolerant to inconsistency and mediocrity, the result of exposure to choice. Essenti ally the consumer right to choose continues to impact behaviour and future purchasing considerations, as substitute products and competitive messaging have a direct impact on interpretation and loyalty. By communicating added value and fostering a stable and sustainable relationship, Anton et al. (2007:516) suggest that marketers are able to influence consumer switching behaviour and restrict the influence of competitive initiatives. The affectation provided by strategic marketing communication is essentially a direct link to consumer preferences and purchasing models, as psychological affectation becomes a means of sustaining a particular, idealised behaviour. The role between consumer behaviour and marketing is based on adaptation, a concept that is oftentimes difficult to implement within a diverse, competitive environment as firms attempt to strategically manage resources and reduce corporate excess. Thrassou and Vrontis (2009:499) argue that the consumer behaviour is the mos t valuable information conduit for marketers as they attempt to navigate market changes, competitive influences, and the consumer buying cycle. From channel preferences (i.e. television, magazine, etc.) to message content, the consumer response to various initiatives should be predictable, a function of extensive market research and behavioural analysis (2009:510). Marketing communications, as a strategic, value-added enterprise for modern organisations has shifted in its purpose, embracing the demonstration and modelling of product value within the context of consumer preferences, as opposed to past models of feature presentation, differentiation, etc (2009:516). Essentially, the role of the consumer has become one of exchange and communication, providing marketers with information necessary to evolve their messaging, models, and marketing channels. While there is inherent value in strategic messaging, the targeted nature of such communication must be linked to key stimuli which inspire consumer behaviour. Chiu et al. (2005:1682) evaluate such phenomena from a more scientific perspective, suggest that the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) paradigm provides evidence the underlying psychological response that can be expected from consumers. Essentially, the relational bonding activities by a firm (stimulus) can have a measurable impact on consumers value perceptions (organism), whereby their purchase behaviours may be influenced (response) (Chiu et al., 2005:1682). Within such a model, it is evident that the consumer perception of value has a direct influence on their subjective response to stimuli from marketers, but in order to ensure that such responses are consistent with what the marketing initiative had intended, marketers must understand consumer perceptions and their impact on behaviour. Chiu et al. (2005:1687) used empirical data to model the influence which value perceptions can have on switching behaviour amongst consumers, suggesting that dissatis faction in general cannot be overcome through messaging or branding alone. Instead, there is a measurable link between the depth of the relationship between a given brand and its consumers which can allow marketers to overcome dissatisfaction and achieve a renewed state of trust. Such relational bonding focuses on the inherent value of a given product to the consumer in relation to their wants and needs, establishing a connection between fulfilment and the particular product in which there is an inherent purchasing response when considering that particular need. When considering the decision making process of consumers, there tangible rewards which must be considered for picking a particular brand or product. De Wulf and Okerken-Schroder (2003:97), for example, have suggested that at the first level of relationship marketing, basic, tangible rewards are identified including cost savings and pricing incentives which provide consumers with a more general value based on financial co ncerns. More dynamic rewards also focus on intrinsic value in which rewards systems connect consumers and products according to an extended, implied position of loyalty. From rewards coupons to frequent flyer programmes to loyalty bonuses, the long term achievement of reward for consumers can lead them to remain loyal to a particular brand, as switching behaviour would ultimately have a measurable consequence for their rewards earnings (De Wulf and Okerken-Schroder, 2003:97). Such second tier rewards systems establish a long term relationship between the consumer and the brand, ultimately defining consumer participation within the programme in spite of other value challenges or product inconsistencies. Oftentimes the value of understanding consumer behaviour can provide marketers with the information necessary to repurpose their products, meeting consumer needs without directly impacting the product or brand itself. Fine (2010) presents evidence of the information value associate d with purchase behaviour, as consumers self-actualise particular objectives and needs through consumptive actions. From luxury items to particular brands, the decision to purchase a particular product is frequently based on deeper psychological influences, oftentimes influencing brand loyalty according to psycho-social interpretation of product value (Fine, 2010:244). While such peer-based acknowledgement of value can be identified through survey and research, information surrounding consumer behaviour and brand preferences is much more valuable when considering rebranding efforts and consumer communication. Ultimately, Fine (2010:245) argues that it is the achievement of status through the purchase of a luxury or personally valuable brand that can provide consumers with a level of satisfaction that is linked to their future purchase intentions. As previously discussed, dissatisfaction or product failure can ultimately lead to reduced value within this relationship and dissolve the psychological connection. Consumer behaviour is both time sensitive and immediate, experiencing influences according to various stimuli over time. Kowatsch and Maas (2010:702) have modelled the impact which direct communication can have on consumer behaviour during their purchasing process, using an in-store, mobile recommendation agent (MRA) to provide information and feedback for consumers as they shop. The inherent value of such decision assistance systems was demonstrated from a practical perspective, allowing consumers to access additional product data that might have otherwise remained unavailable. The authors also determined that the effectiveness of the system (MRA) had a measurable impact on consumer purchasing behaviour, suggesting that the personal value of the information and the means in which it was communicated could determine whether or not the consumer would engage in the purchase (Kowatsch and Maass, 2010:702). These findings also have implications for more pra ctical marketing applications, as information exchange during the consumption process can have different influences on consumer behaviour than information exchanged over a more extended period of time. Whether communicated at the point of purchase or over other channels, the marketing message can have a direct impact on consumer behaviour. Research on exploratory buying behaviour has been conducted by Baumgartner and Steenkamp (1996:132), demonstrating how psychological affectation can ultimately lead to consumers decision to purchase, even without original experience with a particular product. The authors argue that there are a host of unique, individual-specific traits which can lead to differences in product purchasing behaviour, the result of interpretation of stimuli and risk taking proclivity (Baumgartner and Steenkamp (1996:131). In order to chase consumers motivated by curiosity or by particular incentives, the authors suggest that marketers must explore the psychological implications of their particular messaging, potentially resulting in a greater sales opportunity. Taking advantage of promotional campaigns and marketing to specific niche consumers are some methods in which consumer behaviour can be influenced by particular psychological undercurrents within a singular marketing mix. The authors also suggested that there may not be a large difference in consumption behaviour amongst individuals with similar cultural ties, as the influence of marketing campaigns may resonate universally amongst these individuals (Baumgartner and Steenkamp, 1996:134). Regardless of affectation, such findings do have important implications when considering the inherent value of marketing campaigns in affecting consumer purchasing behaviour. While marketing initiatives are frequently associated with consumer purchasing behaviour, there are underlying variables related to such consumption that must also be addressed in order to encapsulate the value of a particular product or brand for consumers. Demirdijian and Senguder (2004), for example, have investigated products from a psychological perspective, highlighting key genetic characteristics that influence behaviour and programme future purchasing behaviour. Whether linked to an individuals personal preferences or actually a function of internal chemical stimuli, the researchers suggest that there are more scientific reasons for consumer behaviour that can ultimately be determined, modelled, and used in product marketing (Demirdijian and Senguder , 2004:351). From the interpretation of a particular taste to the analysis of various sensations associated with fabric, analysts are able to determine and synthesise a future intent to purchase. While such product development can be used for consumer influence, it can also be used to generate data relevant to the development of those products and services that have greater value to consumers over the long term. While value-added positioning can be ac hieved through market research, scientific analysis of consumer behaviour will also produce a means of defining those more subversive value components that might otherwise not be identified, from product packaging to secondary uses to the inherent status perceptions held by consumers during use. Conclusions This analysis began with a simple question of why consumer behaviour and an understanding of such processes is useful from the perspective of the marketer. There were a variety of findings uncovered over the course of this research, the majority of which establish some form of affectation according to psychological influences and messaging stimuli. Inherently linked to brand loyalty and the consumer commitment to the product or brand over time, the means of reducing switching behaviours within extremely saturated marketplaces are directly afforded by marketing communication. The effectiveness of such communication, however, can have the desired (or opposite) result on sustaining consumer loyalty over an extended period of time. While more traditional marketing models focused on product features and competitive positioning of particular brands or products, modern marketing emphasises the relationship between consumer behaviour and value. By enhancing a products value, consumers are encouraged to engage in the buying process and are more likely to maintain personal investment in a product over an extended period of time. There are several implications associated with this research and this analysis of various academic perspectives within this field. First, there is a psychological link between purchase and loyalty. Where cognitive interpretation of marketing messages may have influence on purchasing behaviour over the long term, exploratory consumption may result from proper stimulation and more dynamic brand messaging early in the buying cycle. It is this internalisation of intent which ultimately allows marketers to attract a larger base of consumers, even in a marketplace where there are various substitute products. In order to identify the best fit communication strategy, marketers are oftentimes forced to rely on trial and error or unsupported market research. By modelling particular behaviour patterns, however, associated with exploratory buying, these firms and individuals may be able to predict consumer responses to more dynamic marketing campaigns. From rewards programmes to creative branding to niche marketing, the ability to communicate with consumers according to their personal preferences and their understanding of intrinsic an extrinsic product value is invaluable and can sustain a products market expansion over the long term. This research has demonstrated that consumer behaviour and marketing are undeniably linked, and through the understanding of the former, the latter may be more appropriately defined. References Anton, C., Camarero, C., Carrero, M. (2007) ‘The Mediating Effect of Satisfaction on Consumers Switching Intention. Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 511-538. Baumgartner, H., Steenkam, J.B.E.M. (1996) ‘Exploratory Consumer Buying Behavior: Conceptualization and Measurement. International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 13, pp. 121-137. Chiu, H.C., Hsieh, Y.C., Li, Y.C., Lee, M. (2005) ‘Relationship Marketing and Consumer Switching Behavior. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 58, pp. 1681-1689. Demirdijian, Z.S., Senguder, T. (2004) ‘Perspectives in Consumer Behavior: Paradigm Shifts in Prospect. The Journal of the American Academy of Business, pp. 348-353. De Wulf, K., Odkerken-Schoder, G. (2003) ‘Assessing the Impact of a Retailers Relationship Efforts on Consumers Attitudes and Behavior. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 10, pp. 95-108. Drucker, P.F. (1999) Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, and Practices. Ox ford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Fine, L.M. (2010) ‘Altruism and Hedonism: A Review and Discussion of Recent Findings in the Marketing and Consumer Behavior Literature. Business Horizons, Vol. 53, pp. 241-246. Foxall, G.R. (1992) ‘The Consumer Situation: An Integrative Model for Research in Marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 8, pp. 383-404. Kowatsch, T., Maass, W. (2010) ‘In-Store Consumer Behavior: How Mobile Recommendation Agents Influence Usage Intentions, Product Purchases, and Store Preferences. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 26, pp. 697-704. Mooij, M., Hoftede, G. (2002) ‘Convergence and Divergence in Consumer Behavior: Implications for International Retailing. Journal of Retailing, Vol. 78, pp. 61-69. Raaij, W.F.V., Strazzieri, A., Woodside, A. (2001) ‘New Developments in Marketing Communications and Consumer Behavior. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 53, pp. 59-61. Taylor, D.G., Strutton, D. (2010) ‘Has E-Marketing Com e of Age? Modeling Historical Influences on Post-Adoption Era Internet Consumer Behaviors. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 63, pp. 950-956. Thrassou, A., Vrontis, D. (2009) ‘A New Consumer Relationship Model: The Marketing Communications Application. Journal of Promotion Management, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 499-521.

The California Gold Rush Essay - 925 Words

The California Gold Rush The California Gold Rush of 1849 is one of the most interesting and exiting events of the United States. From the wild stories of men striking it big, to the heart wrenching tales of people losing everything, these are what make it so alluring. There are many aspects of the California Gold Rush; effects on California; individual stories of struggle; and effects on the United States as a young country looking for stability. San Francisco was a small town of a few hundred people in 1840, but by 1850 it was a huge city whose economy was injected with gold money. This rapid growth and development was brought on by an accidental discovery by James Marshall. I reached my hand down and picked it up; it made my†¦show more content†¦In 1849, California was a rather uncivilized place, especially San Francisco. Miners came from every where to try to find their fortune, but most fortunes werent made mining gold, they were made because of mining. Sam Brannan was one such man who m ade his fortune this way. Brannan bought every shovel, pan, and every other mining related tool he could in the region. A twenty-cent metal pan now became a fifteen-dollar pan, and the only place to buy them was from Sam Bannan. Levi Strauss, a tailor who happened to have very popular canvas pants made his fortune from the Gold Rush. Phillip Armour, of Armour Meat packing company, and John Studebaker just to name a couple more. Unfortunately, not everybody could get rich, for every one person that struck it big; there were thousands that didnt. It is not uncommon to hear stories of men leaving their wife, kids and family, with promises to return in one year with enough money to never have to work again, they never met their promises. As the gold got more sparse men who hadnt found what they were looking for turned to gambling, drinking, and crime. I take this opportunity of writing these few lines to you hoping to find you in good health. Me and Charley is sentenced to be h ung at five oclock for a robbery. Give my best to Frank and Sam. Also as the gold ran out, it took different methods to find it, many of these methods have left permanent scars on Californias landscape.Show MoreRelatedThe California Gold Rush 525 Words   |  2 PagesCalifornia, the place to turn cant’s into can’s and dreams into plans. The same situation and scenarios apply to today and even over one hundred and sixty five years ago. Then and now are not so different, people are thriving or failing from the land of plenty, supplying themselves with knowledge, wealth, or skill to either spread their wings and take flight or crash and burn. Each state in the United States of America has a correlating nickname to either why it’s famous or an explanation of itsRead MoreThe Gold Rush Of California1447 Words   |  6 Pages3 2016 Gold Rush In the United States, there would be a new overhaul to its identity. By 1848, businesses would eventually see a new and prosperous way to make money. The U.S. also began to see a few cultures begin to spark and the attitudes of people would change, especially their views about taking risks. This overhaul is known as the Gold Rush of California. The Gold Rush made an impact on American society through diversity and people. The traditional beginning of the Gold Rush was theRead MoreThe Gold Rush Of California1017 Words   |  5 Pages Gold is a very precious metal that with in any community is pressed very highly. To a surprise to several, after the United States won California from Mexico. A land owner had found several pieces of gold along the river bed of the San Francisco. Circumstances lead to this land owner not wanting to reveal this information to the world. Nevertheless, the information was spread so began the Gold Rush in California. This magnificent event gave light to great change but was it the right move for progressRead MoreThe Gold Rush Of California1791 Words   |  8 PagesMarshall discovered gold in California, which set its foundation for California’s future success. The Gold Rush gave California’s popular motto of, â€Å"Eureka† meaning â€Å"I’ve found it.† Also, the Gold Rush drew attention to California drawing cultures from around the world to seek better opportunities and make a greater extent of money than they would ever come across. This created California’s population to experience an influx during the 1840’s. Although it increased population in California, there were difficultiesRead MoreThe Discovery Of The California Gold Rush993 Words   |  4 PagesThe discovery of the California Gold Rush took place by chance. Mainly the amount of the world’s gold is deep underground and embedded in hard rock. Unlike anywhere else in the world at that time the gold in California was simple to dig up, free for the taking and required little tools to acquire any gold. Only things required: a pick or shovel and a pan to shift out the gold from the rock, sand and debris. The Gold Rush affected not only California, but the outcome of the nation. Creating the expansionRead MoreGold Nuggest in Gold Rush California583 Words   |  2 PagesGold Nuggets in Gold Rush California It was day of Jan 24th 1948, James Marshall was building a new sawmill for John Sutter in South Fork of American river near Coloma valley.He spotted some flecks of shiny pebbles.His eyes sparkled when he discovered that it was gold. â€Å"Gold! Gold! Gold! Listen folks, it is not just a hoax!† Get rich and get â€Å"relaxed† in the goldfields of California. You could be another millionaire like Sam Brannan! Everyone from around the world is welcomedRead MoreThe California Gold Rush Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The California Gold Rush 5/1/13 The California Gold Rush Before the Gold Rush of 1849, California was a sparsely populated, unimportant territory of the United States mostly inhabited by the people of Mexico. However, that all changed when on January 24, 1848; carpenter and small time sawmill operator James W. Marshall discovered a gold nugget in the American River that would forever change the history of California and America1. Not only did the Gold Rush lead toRead MoreCalifornia Gold Rush Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesPrior to the Gold Rush of 1849, California was a meagerly populated, an irrelevant area of the United States for the most part possessed by the general population of Mexico. In any case, that all changed when on January 24, 1848; woodworker and little time sawmill administrator James W. Marshall found a gold piece in the American River that would always show signs of change the historical backdrop of California and America1. Not exclusively did the Gold Rush prompt California s permission into theRead MoreEssay on Ca lifornia Gold Rush1491 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact on the United States; the discovery was gold in California. It was in this vastly unoccupied territory that the American dream was forever changed and California emerged as a powerful state busting at the seams. The California Gold Rush shaped California into the state that it is today. California is defined by its promise of entrepreneurial success and its acceptance and encouragement of obtaining the American Dream. During the late 1840s California did not show much promise or security. ItRead More The California Gold Rush Essay905 Words   |  4 Pages The California Gold Rush nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The California Gold Rush of 1849 is one of the most interesting and exiting events of the United States. From the wild stories of men striking it big, to the heart wrenching tales of people losing everything, these are what make it so alluring. There are many aspects of the California Gold Rush; effects on California; individual stories of struggle; and effects on the United States as a young country looking for stability. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;San

Essay on The Maturity of Telemachus - 1057 Words

Prince Telemachus of Ithaca was living in a world of greed and disrespect during his fathers twenty-year hiatus. His father, King Odysseus, had set off to fight along with fellow Greeks in the Trojan War. After the war, all the Greeks who did not perish during the battles had made it back to their homelands, with the exception of Odysseus. During this time suitors had taken over Odysseus palace and were courting his wife. It was time for Telemachus to take action against the crude suitors and become a mature adult. In The Odyssey by Homer, a young prince sets off to learn news about his father. At the same time Telemachus meets influential people who introduce him to a whole new world, which propels him to become a mature and†¦show more content†¦When Telemachus sees this, he tells his mother that the bards are here for entertainment not to dishearten anyone. He then sends his mother off to her room so he could address the crude suitors. After these two events the su itors were in awe that Telemachus had the poise to stand in front of them and tell them to leave. The suitors did not think much of his actions and went back to dancing and singing. These two actions show the beginning of Telemachus maturity. When Athena came in disguise to help Telemachus, the name Mentor was appropriately fitting. Before Mentor approached Telemachus, no one was trying to control the suitors or make them leave. But, the advise Mentor gave Telemachus encouraged him to take action against the shameless suitors. He proves to be the man of the house by standing up to his mother so he could address the crowd. He is learning how to take control of a situation, which he does not stand for, and how to stand up for himself and his family. Next, Telemachus did as Mentor told him and sailed off to Pylos in search of his father. When Telemachus landed on the shore of Pylos, he found King Nestor and his son sacrificing bulls to the Gods. Telemachus is graciously received by Nestor, and is invited to be a guest at dinner. After dinner Telemachus and Nestor introduce themselves and Telemachus explains the reason for his visit. Nestor does not provideShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Homer s The Odyssey 1276 Words   |  6 PagesArle chia Nisby Professor Parker World Literature Sept 24,2015 Telemachus: Test of maturity In Homer s heroic poem the Odyssey,Telemachus is an important character because will be the one to become king of Ithaca if his father s Odysseus does not return home. However during this time he is not only protecting his mother from a suitor s hand in marriage,but is forced to mature within a year s time. Telemachus share strong physical characteristics of his father and based of the knowledge of hisRead Mo reWhat Determines When A Boy Becomes A Man?1296 Words   |  6 PagesHomer’s ideas on how to become a man. Throughout the epic, Homer establishes a clear hypothesis of this transition directly with the character of Telemachus, a feeble child that eventually surprises many. With the help of the goddess Athena, Homer connects the theme of becoming a man with Telemachus’ actions. In The Odyssey, the sub-story of Telemachus’ guided actions towards manhood is a direct result of his power to overcome the pain of abandonment, to assume the responsibility of hospitality,Read MoreComparing The Odyssey And Gilgamesh986 Words   |  4 Pagesking and the other has been king for some time, although one of them is part god, but this does not make a difference in their journeys to maturity. Odysseus’s son Telemachus was a child when he left to got to war with Troy. His son did not have the guidance that most kings’ son would have as Odysseus was gone for over 10 years. It came to a time that Telemachus had to take charge of his father’s kingdom with no confidence and training, but Athena tells him â€Å"You must not cling to your boyhood anyRead MoreOdysseus V Telemachus Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesJon Dunlap 3/8/12 Odysseus v Telemachus Period 2 â€Å"Maturity has more to do with what types of experiences youve had, and what youve learned from them, and less to do with how many birthdays youve celebrated.† – Anonymous (Thinkexist.com). Maturity is a key theme during the journeys of Telemachus and Odysseus. In Homer’s Odyssey the journeys of Telemachus and Odysseus have many similarities and differences such as their common goal and the lessons they learn; and only by overcomingRead MoreThe Odyssey - Telemachus Journey1219 Words   |  5 Pagesthe next ten years trying to get home. He left behind an infant son, Telemachus, and a devoted wife, Penelope. Although they longed for Odysseus return, Penelope and Telemachus were the perfect hosts to wayward strangers - even as their estate became overrun with arrogant suitors - men intent on marrying Penelope and taking possession of the throne. Athena, goddess and daughter of Zeus, is instrumental in encouraging Telemachus to begin his journey to adulthood s aying, You must not cling to yourRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s Odyssey By Homer1202 Words   |  5 PagesTelemachus, who is the son of Odysseus was seen to be insecure and immature that had trouble in making decisions in his life. He had trouble coping with the idea of losing his father and letting others to rule Ithaca. It is noticeable from the beginning of The Odyssey, written by Homer that Telemachus finds himself in a complicated situation where his life is seen to be in danger. He is a character of being distance from people. The idea of Telemachus becoming his own father, threatens suitor’s controlRead MoreTelemachus-Odysseus Father Son Relationship Essays987 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationships with his family and friends of Ithaka. It’s possible the restoration of his relationship with his son, Telemachus, is the most significant event of all. This reconnection carries out three main purposes. First, it serves to characterize Telemachus likeness to his father i n the virtues of wisdom, humility, patience, and organization. Secondly, it enables Odysseus a chance to coach Telemachus on how to be a powerful ruler like he is. Lastly, Homer uses the reconnection to highlight the importanceRead MoreRelationships Between Telemachus And Characters Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesThe Various Relationships Between Telemachus and Others in his Household Vanesa Martinez-Chacon In the Odyssey Telemachus has varying relationships with his mother, Penelope, the suitors, and his nurse, Eurycleia; a mother and son but also head of household and subordinate member of the household, a young boy and superior men, and a son and mother but also a master and servant. In the poem, Telemachus must find out what became of his father, Odysseus, who never returned home from the Trojan warRead MoreVirtue in Telemachus’ Life946 Words   |  4 PagesTelemachus is the son of Odysseus and Penelope in the Odyssey. He was raised without a father and this caused him not to have a strong male example in his life. He was forced to mature into a man on his own and become the man his father was. Telemachus is required to figure out ways to be honorable on his own and this causes him to have a deeper responsibility than the normal man of his age. In Telemachus’ life, he is able to mature into an adult man capable of making virtuous decisions and actingRead MoreThe View Of Fate Over Free Will, And Vice Versa1599 Words   |  7 Pagesevent influence what happens with the other characters. First, let us start with the growth and maturity of Telemachus. For three years while Penelope was executing her plan, Telemachus stood by and watching one hundred and eight men slowly chipped away at his household and father’s legacy, festering disgust and hatred towards them. Since his mother appeared to have the situation under control, Telemachus didn’t grow up and confront the situation because he didn’t need to; it wasn’t his time yet. However

Essay about Courtly Love - 1043 Words

During the Middle Ages, Courtly love was a code which prescribed the conduct between a lady and her lover (Britannica). The relationship of courtly love was very much like the feudal relationship between a knight and his liege. The lover serves his beloved, in the manner a servant would. He owes his devotion and allegiance to her, and she inspires him to perform noble acts of valor (Schwartz). Capellanus writes, in The Art of Courtly Love, â€Å"A true lover considers nothing good except what he thinks will please his beloved†. The stories of Marie de France and Chrà ©tien de Troyes illustrate the conventions of courtly love. According to Capellanus, â€Å"Good character alone makes any man worthy of love†. In Lanval, the fairy lover chooses†¦show more content†¦At his first encounter with a maiden, he greets her and seeks to please her, albeit clumsily. When the maiden at King Arthur’s court is struck by Kay, Perceval pledges that â€Å"she will be well avenged† before he dies (Lawall 1340). When the maiden Belrepeire comes to him at night, pleading for protection, Perceval comforts her and promises to â€Å"restore peace to all [her] land† (Lawall 1348). Perceval sees the maiden’s request as â€Å"an opportunity for [him] to win fame† (Lawall 1347). His love for inspires her to do bold, daring deeds. He therefore boldly defends the castle against the besiegers, winning the love and heart of the maiden. Perceval is kind to every maiden he meets. When he encounters a maiden weeping over a dead knight, he inquires after the matter. When he meets the maide n whose lover has forced her into penance, he seeks to comfort her. A good lover also treats his beloved with respect. Perceval’s mother tells him that the man â€Å"who wins a kiss from a maiden receives much† (Lawall 1334). She advises Perceval not to take more than a kiss from a maiden. Perceval takes her advice too literally when he kisses the first maiden he meets â€Å"willy-nilly twenty times without stopping† (Lawall 1335). However, when the maiden at Belrepeire comes to him in the night partially unclothed, Perceval does nothing more than kiss her. Capellanus further states that â€Å"every act of a lover ends with in the thought of his beloved†. Perceval’s mind is often onShow MoreRelatedThe Law of Chevalrie: Courtly Love Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesIn order for there to be a set of laws established for the knights of the Anglo-Saxon era, the law of chevalrie was created. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight has some insight into the rules of chivalry concerning one specifically: courtly love. The rules of â€Å"courtly love† require wit and deceit with an intention of good behind it. The chivalric rules in this aspect require a good and clever battle with words rather than swords. Key Passage: Smiling gently and courteously they made playful speech,Read More The Contradiction of Chivalry and Courtly Love Essays899 Words   |  4 PagesThe Contradiction of Chivalry and Courtly Love Two conflicting disciplines are prevalent throughout Arthurian Legend; that of chivalry and that of courtly love. The ideal of each clash throughout the medieval tales, and it is impossible to interfuse the two models for society. Chivalry is a masculine code, an aggressive discipline, whereas courtly love is based upon women - their needs, wants, and desires. The consistent problem if Lancelot and Guinevere’s adulterous relationship in differentRead MoreEssay on Courtly Love and Rondeau Form1428 Words   |  6 PagesCourtly Love and Rondeau Form Both Adieu mamour, adieu ma joye by Dufay and Le souvenir de vous me tue by Morton are the songs of the courtly love and, they are composed in the rondeau form. From one point of view, the form of the music, rondeau, may be too specific in terms of the melody order to express the poem of the courtly love which is about a mans feelings of distant love. However, in these two specific songs, Dufay and Morton used their clever criativities to let the repetition ofRead MoreA Brief Description of the Concept of Courtly Love1200 Words   |  5 Pagesdescription of the concept of â€Å"courtly love†, a few characteristics must be highlighted. Courtly love appeared in Provence (southern France) in the eleventh century. It consists on the expression of love in its most sincere, chivalric and noble form. It tended to be chaste and adulterous. It was also secret and, in general, always took place between the members of the higher classes of society. Andreas Capellanus defines it in The A rt of Courtly Love as â€Å"the pure love which binds together the heartsRead MoreEmpowering Women through Courtly Love Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesupon a man for her livelihood. However, in the world of courtly love, some could say that this was the first idea of goddess worship. Where the man is unable to survive without his beloved. As a result of this, her love causes him to achieve noble deeds, and become obedient to her in hopes of winning her affection. In The Lais of Marie de France, specifically Chevrefoil and Yonec, the author does not follow all of the rules of courtly love, yet she does illustrate to the reader the relationshipRead More Courtly Love Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesCourtly Love â€Å"‘Tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all† (Miriam-Webster 253). This quote has been used for centuries as both persuasion in favor of loving and also as comfort in times of heartbreak and loss. However, is this statement completely true, or does it offer false hope to anguishing lovers? In fact, are the rules and costs of loving and being loved so great that in fact it is actually better to never have loved at all? When pondering these questions, oneRead MoreCourtly Love Essay2157 Words   |  9 Pagesart of Courtly Love today? De Amore, written by Andreas Capellanus is a treatise about the art of courtly love. Douglas Kelly, in his article mentions that, â€Å"This disconcerting treatise provides us with the only true art of courtly love that we possess, but it also contains a very harsh attack against love. The antithetical attitude towards love is all the more astonishing because Andreas, although a churchman, devoted far more space to the instruction on how to love and the praise of love than toRead More A College Student’s Approach to Courtly Love Essay3059 Words   |  13 PagesA College Student’s Approach to Courtly Love The term courtly love is a highly ambiguous one. As it applies to works of literature, it spans over hundreds of years and over a half dozen countries. Hence finding its specific literary and allegorical definition and impact on literature is difficult. It is important to understand the roots of courtly love. To do so means that one gains a greater understanding of the most foundational element of any society- the relationship between men and womenRead MoreThe Art of Courtly Love, Consolation of Philosophy, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight1454 Words   |  6 PagesThe Art of Courtly Love, Consolation of Philosophy, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Part 1: Consolation of Philosophy, written by Boethius 1. Boethius was a popular member of the senatorial family. He was a philosopher that agreed with Plato that government should be solely in the hands of wise men. After becoming consul, charges of treason were brought against him. He lived in a time in Roman society when everyone was mainly Christian. He was an Arian Christian and believed that ChristRead More Knighthood and Courtly Love in the Time of King Arthur Essay1753 Words   |  8 Pagesthat, Perceval loves him mother dearly. Perceval may not have been the most sophisticated man around, however, when he did know how to do something he did it exceedingly well. He could not forget his love for his God though. God was a huge factor for knights and their beliefs. â€Å"Perceval, the story relates, had lost his memory so totally that he no longer remembered God.† (Story of the Grail, 457) Once Perceval found his way back to God, he was seen as the better knight because of his love for Him. Ultimately

I am supposed to find out the purpose of my educat Essay Example For Students

I am supposed to find out the purpose of my educat Essay ion if there is one atall, I really am not sure if my education so far has had a purpose maybe bythe end the purpose will come out. So I will tell everything I rememberabout the schools I went to I hope if finding out the purpose. I went tofour different elementary schools: Normandy Elementary, some genius schoolthat I only went to for six months and I cant remember the name of it,Harrison Elementary, and Prather Elementary. I went to two middle schoolsthe first was Coolidge Middle School and then there was Middle School East. I only went to one high school, Milford High School that was the first timeI went to a school and actually stayed there the whole time. Then I went onto Quinsigamond Community College and then to MassBay Community Collegewhere I am right now. All of these schools are different they each havetheir own way of teaching the students, and some of them are definitelybetter than others. The first school that I went to was Normandy Elementary; I was there fromkindergarten to the fourth grade. Normandy was an almost all AfricanAmerican school and I felt that I always stuck out quite a bit. I also wasnever challenged at Normandy they gave me the easiest stuff and I basicallyjust shot through all of my classes. I guess thats why I ended up at thegenius school but when I got there everything just seemed really hard and Icould never fully keep up with the other kids. The teachers at that schoolwere great and they tried to help me out but I always felt like I wasntgood enough for that school and I was right. The reason that the geniusschool was too hard for me is because Normandy gave all the kids work thatwas below them so that they could coast right through and just get out ofthe school without any problems. The good thing about the genius school wasthat it had the newest stuff like good computers, new books, teachers thatactually cared, and kids that were nicer. I only stayed at that school forsix months because my parents got divorced and we had to move to adifferent state. My next school was Harrison Elementary, I really didntlike that school at all. I was going through a rough time and didnt wantto deal with school at all, but the school did not understand that so Ibasically failed almost every subject. I only spent about a year atHarrison before we move to a different neighborhood and I had to go toPrather Elementary. Prather had a really strange way of teaching they wouldsplit each subject into four levels with first level being the highest andfourth level being the lowest. I was always in the fourth level in almostevery class so I was being taught slower than the kids in the higherlevels. I dont get how teaching a kid slower will help that kid catch upwith everyone else but thats how the school taught. Then I went on to Coolidge Middle School it basically had the same systemas Prather did but we had to go to seven sometimes eight classes a day. Ithad its differences like the kind of classes they made me take like homeeconomics, technology, art and music classes along with the usual math,English and sciences. Coolidge wasnt that good of a school because it wasvery overcrowded over a thousand kids went to that school and I heard thatmore are going now. The teachers barely had time for you because there wereover thirty something kids in the class and we never had enough books wealways had to share with another kid. I only spent about six months atCoolidge till I had to move to Massachusetts and Middle School East. MiddleSchool East was a lot tougher than any of my other schools, the kids wereway ahead of me in almost every subject and I felt a little stupid. Theschool itself was a lot nicer than my other schools it had some betterteachers, books, and just better ways of teaching. I on ly spent six monthsat Middle School East before I had to go off to high school. .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d , .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d .postImageUrl , .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d , .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d:hover , .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d:visited , .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d:active { border:0!important; } .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d:active , .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u425419c887975e9bec6b599175b8387d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Road Not Taken EssayMilford High School reminded me a bit of my first middle school or at leastthats what I thought at first. In high school we had say over what classeswe took but we did have to follow the recommendations of our guidancecounsuelers before with could take the classes we wanted. I got to takesome classes that interesyed me like Psychology, Zoology, Video Production,and Chorale which is all singing, but I still had to take the boring stufflike English, Math, some of the sciences, and gym. In English class I wasforced to read books that I never would read on my own like Animal Farm,Macbeth, The Glass Menangeriae, Moby Dick, and a bunch of other books. The teachers saud that these books would help me learn about the world and alsoimprove my vocabulary not like the books that I read on my own which theydidnt like me reading. Well I actually graduated from high school and thenI had to go onto college so I went to two different community collegesbecause I couldnt get into any four-year schools. The first college I went to was Quinsigamond Community College, I did notlike this school it was not orientated towards evening students. I couldnever get any help there because all of the offices shut down before fiveand I didnt usually get to school till six a clock at night. I only wentto Quinsigamond for one semester, then I went to MassBay Community Collegewhere I am today. MassBay is a pretty good school, it has services thatnight school students can access, the teachers seem like they actuallycare, and I can finally get up to date books. Since I havent chosen amajor yet I can take courses that interest me till I find a major that Ilike and will complemet my strengths. I think the purpose of my education has been to teach me things that Imay not have learned on my own and to prepare me for the next phase of mylife. In grade school the purpose was to teach me the basic stuff thateveryone needs to know. The purpose of middle school was to expand on whatI learned in grade school and to prepare me for high school. I guess thepurpose of high school was to prepare me for college, or if I was not goingto college than a job. Finally the purpose of college is to expand on whatyou learn in high school, and when you pick your major help you learn thethings that will make you excel in your chosen field. All school probablyhave the same basic purpose but who knows I maybe completely wrong aboutthis.

The Global Financial Crisis (GFC)

Question: Discuss the possible causes of the financial crisis. Do you think GFC could be repeated again? Discuss. Explain the scale and impact of financial crisis in economies of different countries including your own country, identify some of proposed reforms. Answer: Introduction We have witnessed in the 20th century and before problem related to credit risk, financial crisis, fiscal deficit crisis, banking fund crisis, economic crisis, the great depression, oil price increase/decrease, currency crisis, housing bubble crashes and more all if the above crisis are to some extent interrelated with each other as a part or whole. Financial crisiscan be termed as a situation where financial assets starts losing their value suddenly e.g. stock markets downfalls,burst or crash of financialbubbles,currency crises, negative GDP andsovereign defaults, etc (Viney, 2009). The main reasons for the financial crisis can be global as well as domestic but as the world economy is mostly governed by the American and the European economy the situation of financial crisis on any of this zone can bring a huge financial crisis in a developing country as there economy are very much dependent on them. In the very basis context we can understand that the main crisis in an economy starts when a country is unable to break even and this scenario when takes place in the industry, country or globally then the crisis begins in manufacturing/service sectors or when a financial bubble bursts in the economy as a whole. Some major examples of financial crises are: Crashes: This is an unpredictable loop hole where the investor expects that a price of asset will increase day by day and there are potential buyers readily available at the higher prices but when this scenario reverses investors want to sell the asset at any ready price given which has cumulative effect of a crash. Some of the examples of crashes are Wall Street Crash of 1929, Japanese property bubble, etc Balance of payment crisis: Where the country is unable to maintain a current account deficit they are forced to devalue their currency to sustain this deficit and so the buying capacity of the consumer reduces to a great extent (Wood, 2005). Banking crisis: Bank run is one of the major reasons of banking crisis. This situation is seen when there is a sudden rush of withdrawal by the depositors from banking system and banks are unable to payback this sudden demand and the bank tend to become insolvent as a result depositor loses its money. Countries like Argentina, Uruguay and Myanmar have faced bank runs in the 20th century (Copelovitch David, 2008). Currency crisis: This type of crisis occurs when central bank of a country is unable to maintain a fixed exchange rate of currency due to decrease in foreign exchange reserves. This type of crisis is the main reason for the failure of economy of any nation as it increases the probability of banking crisis and default crisis. This type of crisis is mainly witnessed in the developing economies and not to that extent in stable economies of the world (Copelovitch David, 2008). The countries that witnessed this type of crisis are Mexico, Asian region countries, Argentina, etc. Recession: One of the foremost reasons for a financial crisis is recession in a country. It is said to be a recession in country when the growth index of a country i.e. GDP is negative for a period of six months or more. Recession results in unemployment, winding up of businesses, decreasing living standards of people resulting in a more decrease in demand. This situation has been witnessed by countries once in a century by seeing the historical trends. Hyper Inflationary recession: The price of goods are increased to such a extent due to inflation that people experience difficulty in doing day to day transactions as the value of currency has a reduced to a great extent. The best example of such recession is Kenya. Speculative overpricing: This type of crisis occurs when certain types of assets value are increased to a great extent and these prices sustains at that level for a long period of time. People want to have a capital gain instead of regular income flow and as a result when the prices of assets decreases in an economy people are willing to sell them even at a capital loss ( Mishkin Eakins, 2009). Causes of financial crisis are as follows: A Mismatch in assets and liability of an economy: Where the apex authority of a economy is running down a large amount of funds in the country against a small amount of asset present with it e.g. where banks gives long term debt to companies against deposits of general public this situation leads into a crash when depositors demands there funds immediately in large numbers (Mathai, 2012). Real Estate Bubble: A situation where a sudden rises in the prices of real estate is witnessed by a steep down fall in the prices of real estate. Failure of regulatory framework: Excessive and ineffective regulatory systems both are dangerous for an economy. Excessive regulations invite trouble like when there is shortage of capital in economy the regulator demands from banks to maintain more amount of reserves with it which brings huge capital shortages (Mathai, 2012). Ineffective regulatory looses the confidence of its investors and have to face a shortage of fund in the economy as an unconfident investor withdraws money. Financial Frauds: One remembers the name of the famous Lehman brothers as soon as we hear financial frauds in the context of global economy. These types of frauds occurs when the directors fails to exercise their fiduciary duties towards the company. Some financial frauds occur when companies attract investors on large scale in the fraud schemes/ plans and go bankrupt. Bankruptcy: This situations also known as leverage of funds can be explained as companies borrows more to invest more so as to earn a large amount of money from its investments but when this plan fails it arises a situation where companies are unable to pay the borrowed amount by it and thus leads to bankruptcy (Bottomley, 2007). Dependence on Foreign direct investments: The amount of dependence on the funds from a foreign economy brings a lot of trouble when the domestic scenario seems unstable as investors are always concerned about their money as their main motive is wealth creation at minimum risk. So when these investors withdraw money it causes capital shortages in economy (Bottomley, 2007). High oil prices: Increase in oil reserves and the petro credits forced the improper lending of economy and foreign reserve outflow (Maxfield, 1997). Ineffective monetary and trade policies: Ineffective trade policies of countries kept the value of their currencies depreciated against the globally accepted currencies like US Dollar, Euro, etc. that depressed the banking system to a large extent (Austin Bilski, 2008). Ignorance of historical trends: History always repeats itself sooner or later as people sometimes dont learn from their mistakes and makes decisions which hurt them sooner or later (Singer, 2007). Can Global Financial Crisis be repeated again? Many of the above mentioned factors contribute to the global financial crisis. In a recent report International Monetary Fund (IMF) has warned against the financial crisis arising in near term due the troubles being faced by the euro zone. It has also forecasted a cut of 4% over the next five years in global output which is clear evidence of the world economy being moved towards the recession it witnessed in 2008-09 (Mankiw Taylor, 2011). The decreasing oil prices either due to competition or due to terrorism activities is resulting in the crisis in the oil producing nations at some points of time the prices are falling to such an extent that it seems to be even less than the production costs to those companies this type of event occurs due to negative competition produced by terrorism activities (Cahill Stilwell, 2008). The failure of Greek economy in the end of 2015 is going to have an effect on World Bank as the country is unable to pay heavy debts on it. The currency is regulated so much that there is even restriction on withdrawals of your own funds. Chinese economy infusing funds and a reduction in its growth rate due to less demand of the goods produced by them is a big economic event as funds are largely blocked in the developing countries by various fund managers and developed countries. All the above mentioned events when examined can cause a global financial crisis if persist on a longer period of time. So there is very much chance of crisis being repeated if the scenario dont improve. Therefore, it is important that the regulatory must come to the forefront and brings a balance in the economy (Mankiw Taylor, 2011). Scale and Impact of financial crisis in various countries: United States of America: The purchasing power of the consumers came down considerably which made a huge gap in the demand supply chain, there was a cut of millions of jobs due to which unemployment increased, banks failed considerably which resulted in a large amount of funds infusion by the government so long time frame of recession caused depression. Reforms were made in the form of making some acts like Dodd-Frank Act, Systematic risk regulation, formation of financial stability oversight council, etc. European Countries: The major trend of recession was seen when the industrial production fell nearly 2% in a single month in 2008 recession which resulted in lower circulation of money and reduction in exports. The tourist cantered countries in the zone noticed a sharp fall in the number of tourists attended there was a sharp fall in the currency rates as compared to other countries. The European Commission has come up with the European economic recovery plan which focused on reforms in taxation, incentives and social impacts. Pakistan: First and foremost effect of financial crisis on a developing nation is reduction in growth rates. The target in the year 2009 for growth was 3.3% which actually was possible only up to 2% this was due to a heaving cut in exports due to great recession in developed nations and an increase in an import bill of country in the same year. The privatisation program also slowed down as foreign companies which made it successful before are trapped in the slow down. Foreign direct investment was reduced to half due to financial crisis. The reforms implemented by the State Bank of Pakistan helped it emerge very strongly and nearly unscathed, no major collapses and no governmental write offs were witnessed. China: China economy is investment and export led economy so any financial crisis in the developed economies gives a big blow on the current level of export as purchasing power reduces outside and rotation cycle of money increases within the economy. This type of system forces government to infuse funds in economy on timely basis. Russia: The stock markets witness a major blow initially but later on it emerged very sharply as best performer due to its short term fundaments in 2008. Country highly depends on crude oil exports which faced a steep fall of 70% in 2008 making it a trouble for economy to sustain. The major reform taken was to devalue the currency which resulted in a short term reserve fall but a long term strong recovery. Conclusion The global financial crisis has no link with any person or mistakes by a state. However, it can be defined as the collective failure and matter of weak policies. One thing that needs to be noted in this regard is that the happening of GFC cannot be attributed to a single day but happens due to wrong policies over a period of time. Moreover, the financial crisis stressed on the negligent nature of the regulatory system and also the deficiency when it comes to the part of supervision. The influence was seen in both the developed and developing countries but the strong policies in the developed counties like Australia ensured that the harm was extent and that the economy was restructured in a short span of time. To make sure that any further crisis is averted, the financial structure of the economy should be balanced in a manner that will negate any adverse situation. References Austin, R. P. and Bilski, A. Y 2008, An Introduction to the Conference Themes in The Credit Crunch and the Law, London Press Bottomley, S 2007, Australian Share Ownership Study, viewed 19 May 2016, https://www.asx.com. Cahill, D and Stilwell, F 2008, The Sub-prime Credit Crisis Could It Happen Here? viewed 19 May 2016, https://www.ampcapital.com.au. Copelovitch, M.S and David, A.S 2008, Financial Regulation, Monetary Policy and Inflation in the Industrialized World, Journal of Politics. pp.680 Mishkin, F.S and Eakins, S.G 2009, Financial markets and institutions, Australia Mathai, K 2012, Monetary policy: stabilizing prices and output, International Monetary Fund. Mankiw, N.G.; Taylor, M.P 2011, Economics, Andover: Cengage Learning Maxfield, S 1997, Gatekeepers of Growth: The International Political Economy of Central Banking in Developing Countries, Princeton: Princeton University Press Singer, D.A 2007, Regulating Capital: Setting Standards for the International Financial System, Ithaca: Cornell University Press Viney, C 2009, McGraths Financial Institutions, Instruments and Markets, Sydney Wood, D 2005, Governing Global Banking: The Basel Committee and the Politics of Financial Globalization, Aldershot: Ashgate.